Tag: water filter element

A: Reverse osmosis membranes like water to run through them often in order to perform properly. Running water for once a day for a short period of time is ideal, but even once a week is sufficient. If you are not going to use your RO system for 3-4 weeks or longer, there are storage procedures you should follow to maintain optimum system performance. Take the membrane(s) out of the system and place in a plastic bag and put them in the refrigerator. A white plastic kitchen bag with a knot tied at the top works well. Take the carbon filter (and in some systems such as the Stealth-150/300 the sediment filter as well) out of the housing and let it (them) dry out. If you liked this write-up and you would like to obtain more info regarding RO membrane housing (https://www.ted.com/profiles/34181388) kindly check out the page. Leave the housings and the caps on the system unscrewed to let them dry out. The purpose of this is to not trap wet filters. Moisture in the system so that bacteria will not grow. As an extra measure of precaution, sterilizing using a light bleach or hydrogen peroxide solution to clean the housings, tubing and fittings is a good idea before using the system again.

Q: Can the Evolution-RO be used as a drinking water system for my home?

A: The Evolution is not really designed to be an under the sink drinking water system. The reason for this is because the large membranes in that system perform what is called “TDS (total dissolved solids) creep.” This means upon system start up the PPMs (parts per million) will come out higher for a minute or two and then go back down to the 94/95% ppm rejection that is standard. This happens because there is untreated water in the membranes/housings from the last time you ran the system and then shut it off. When filling a 50 or 100 gallon reservoir this really is insignificant as it evens out with the rest of the purified water. One option for using the Evolution for drinking water is to use it to fill 5 gallon jugs. Put them on a water dispenser (like the ceramic ones). We also have post-remineralization filters that polish the flavor that can be perceived as flat to some people. The remineralization filter adds soluble calcium and makes the water more alkaline and sweetens the flavor a bit. We also have a system that is specifically designed as an under the sink drinking water system. This is called the ecospring. There is also the option to turn a Stealth-RO150 or -RO300 into a drinking water system by purchasing the Stealth drinking water upgrade kit.

Q: How does RO affect pH?

A: RO product water can have a lower pH than the feed water. It depends on the level of dissolved CO2 in the feed water. A lowering of pH can occur because the existing CO2 in the water, being a gas, passes through the membrane but the alkaline constituents, primarily HCO3 (bicarbonate), are removed as part of the reject water. In the feed water the HCO3 neutralizes the acid-causing CO2. In the product water, with HCO3, greatly reduced, the CO2 is free to combine with the H2O to form carbonic acid: CO2 + H2O > H2CO.

Another reason to question the pH reading is that for any water sample which is very low in TDS it is very hard to obtain an accurate pH value. The worst case of this accuracy problem occurs with de-ionized water but some low TDS RO water will react the same. The sample is so low in minerals that there is no buffer. The slightest absorption or loss of CO2 shifts the pH substantially. The water’s tendency to pick up additional CO2 from the ambient air, even if the test is done on site, RO membrane housing can produce a very low false pH.

In reality, measuring the pH of RO water is difficult and not accurate due to lack of any pH buffering the RO water. If the feed water has a lot of dissolved CO2 then pH can drop a few points. But, in the case of a drinking water RO system, a post re-mineralization filter will help neutralize the final product water’s pH level. In the case of RO water for horticultural purposes, once you mix a calcium/magnesium supplement into the RO water and then add your nutrients and additives, the final pH can be adjusted and your feed formula should be pH stable.

Q: I have well water, what challenges can I expect?

A: Here are the most common challenges when filtering well water:

– It is typically colder which will decrease your flow rates because cold water flows slower through a reverse osmosis membrane

– Often has higher PPM/TDS levels (hardness) which can decrease the life of a membrane

– Can contain high levels of sediment which can easily clog a carbon or sediment pre-filter

– Can have high levels of iron, manganese and hydrogen sulfide (rotten egg smell)

– It occasionally contains iron bacteria which is difficult to remove

– It generally has low water pressure

Q: How do I treat water containing iron?

A: RO membrane housing There are different methods of treating iron depending on how much iron is present in the source water. The easiest way to know how much iron you have is to get your water tested from NTL.

– For a city water analysis use product code: 9001

– For a well water analysis use product code: 9003

Q: How do I know if I have iron in my water?

A: If your carbon or sediment filter appears to be red, maroon, orange or brown in color you have iron in your water. You may also notice that your sinks. Or toilets also have this discoloration. See an example image below of a system that was used to filter water with excessive iron levels.

Q: Why do pH levels come out higher than the source water when running water through a carbon or Carbon/KDF filter?

A: This is common, there is generally a significant pH spike from the GAC (granular activated carbon) that is mitigated relatively quickly after start up. For some systems, it can take days or even weeks to run enough rinse water to get the pH back to normal. Since it is temporary, it is generally not a significant issue. For water treatment parts more information contact HydroLogic.

Any appliance that uses very hot water or steam like a steam iron or coffee maker runs the risk of a scale build up. Often referred to as ‘fur’ this can impede the function of the appliance. A Tassimo Coffee Maker is no exception and Bosch the manufacturers strongly recommend that descaling be performed in a regular basis

Descaling Versus Cleaning

Descaling your Tassimo Coffee Maker is a separate procedure that you need to carry out from time to time. It is different and a little more involved than cleaning.

While cleaning removes surface marks and dirt and some of the internal residue from the beverage making process it does not deal with any scale build up that results from heating the water.

What is Scale?If you take a look inside your kettle you may well see a build up of ‘fur’ or scale on both the inside and the element. This is caused by Calcium and Magnesium salts dissolved in the water which become less soluble when the water is heated so they are deposited as scale. Sometimes you can also see scale around the steam jet holes of your steam iron.

Without going into the chemistry water scale, boiler scale and kettle scale or ‘fur’ are all one and the same thing. It occurs because water containing these salts is heated. The ‘hardness’ of the water determining how bad the problem can become.

And it is a real problem in some areas and certainly is something that has to be guarded against in any industry using boilers and water heating processes.

How is Scale Removed?Larger installations using boilers try to minimize its occurrence by chemically treating the water. But smaller domestic appliances such as an iron or a coffee maker are treated periodically with a mildly acidic solution to dissolve the scale. Descaling solution can be purchased from many appliance centers or directly from Tassimo for your coffee maker.

Some folk are aware that vinegar is acidic but it should not be used for on your Tassimo. In fact Tassimo explicitly state “Never use vinegar or vinegar-based products”

If you wish to make your own descaling solution one party has this recipe.

“Mix 1 tablespoon of citric acid or one packet lemon flavored Kool Aid with about 1 pint of water. Make sufficient to fill the water tank on your Tassimo.”

And the difference for those that are interested is that vinegar is acetic acid whereas the this is solution is citric acid. Note that this is not officially sanctioned by Tassimo. This article is not endorsing the method. It is provided as information only)

What About Your Tassimo Coffee Maker?Well obviously water is being heated to make your chosen beverage. So depending on the ‘hardness’ of your water scale may be an issue for you. Some users recommend only filling their coffee maker with bottled water but this seems a bit extreme if you have a reasonable water supply. One of the main reasons cited is taste but using bottled water may also be beneficial for scale.

Either way your Tassimo Coffee Maker has a descaling program which lights an icon when it needs to be done. And Tassimo strongly recommends it be carried to avoid possible damage to the machine.

Tassimo Descaling Procedure

Notes:

For Tassimo’s with a water filter it is imperative to remove the holder and cartridge before starting.

To run the descaling procedure the Tassimo must remain connected to the power supply. BE AWARE that the unit is live.

Procedure:Remove the water tank from the coffee maker. Take the service T Disc from its storage spot. Place face down in the brew bot T Disc position. For more info regarding water filter cartridge (bdt.dongnai.gov.vn) have a look at our web-site. Close the lid. Clamp properly.

Make up the correct amount of descaling solution as per instructions. Empty out the water tank. Refill with the descaling solution just prepared. Place the tank back on the Tassimo unit. Make sure you remove the cup stand. Install a larger cup or container under the outlet. It needs to have a capacity of at least half a liter (500ml) or 17 ounces.

Once the tank and container are in place Press and Hold the Start/Stop for a minimum 3 seconds to commence the descaling exercise.

Once started the program will proceed automatically and takes about 20 minutes – pumping the descaling solution through the machine in several cycles so that it runs into the container positioned under the outlet.

When finished the tank will have a small amount of descaling solution left in it. This is normal.

When the stand-by Icon lights up it is time to rinse the machine.

Empty both the container under the outlet and the water tank. Rinse the tank really well then fill to the top level (MAX) and place back on the unit.

Next you have to open and close the top of the brew unit without removing the Service T Disc. Then press the Start / Stop button to initiate the automatic rinse cycle.

Repeat the rinse cycle 4 more times to finalize the descaling procedure. It is important to rinse properly to remove all the descaling solution and water filter cartridge avoid any taste contamination.

Descaling is now finished and you can set up your Tassimo Coffee Maker for normal operation again.Article Tags: Tassimo Coffee Maker, Tassimo Coffee, Coffee Maker, Descaling Solution, Water Tank

What is the Reverse Osmosis (RO) Process?

Water pressure from your municipal water supply or well water supply forces the water molecules through a very fine membrane leaving the contaminants behind. The pores in a reverse osmosis membrane are slightly larger than the water molecule itself and separates the water into two streams. The purified water is collected on the “clean” or “permeate” stream of the membrane, and water containing the concentrated contaminants is flushed down the drain from the “brine” or “concentrate” stream.

Stages of Filtration

The modern RO system is a unit consisting of a sediment pre-filter to remove particulates, turbidity, sand and rust; an activated carbon pre-filter to remove the chlorine, pesticides, herbicides, disinfectants, and VOCs which might otherwise damage the reverse osmosis membrane; the reverse-osmosis membrane which removes virtually everything such as heavy metals, lead, salt, chromium and dissolved solids; a storage tank, and an activated-carbon post filter. The carbon post filter or polishing filter is necessitated by the demineralized, slightly acidic RO water attacking the rubber inside the storage tank, dissolving some of the rubber. This can be avoided by remineralizing the water prior to storage.

This remineralization technology is found in the patented Artesian Full Contact® System developed by Perfect Water Technologies.

Sediment Stage: removes rough particles, sand and rust.

Carbon Stage: removes chlorine and chemicals which would otherwise damage the TFC reverse osmosis membrane. Multiple carbon stages my be necessary at this point depending on the carbon quality and contact time. Reverse Osmosis Stage: removes dissolved solids. Virtually everything larger than the water molecule itself. This is where the bulk of the purification is accomplished.

Remineralization Stage: water purified by reverse osmosis is highly pure and slightly acidic. The Home Master Artesian Full Contact® remineralizes with calcium and magnesium to balance the pH, improve the taste and introduce healthy minerals. Learn more about Alkaline Water.

Storage Tank

Optional or application specific water treatment stage(s): UV filter to destroy microorganisms, nitrate/arsenic/fluoride/deionization selective filters to remove whatever small amount remains of these contaminants.

If you have any type of concerns pertaining to where and ways to use RO housing blog, you could call us at our own page. Final Carbon stage: also known as a “polishing” filter this carbon filter removes any tastes or odors the acidic RO water has “picked up” from the storage tank. In other words the acidic water produced from systems without the Artesian Full Contact technology will dissolve some of the rubber in the storage tank which the final carbon filter then removes.

Reverse Osmosis Purity

Reverse Osmosis removes salt and most other dissolved inorganic material present in the water, and for that reason, RO lends itself to use in places where the drinking water is brackish (salty), contains nitrates, radionucliatides, heavy metals or other dissolved minerals which are difficult to remove by other methods.

Using a quality carbon filter to remove any organic materials and chemicals that get through the sediment pre-filter, in conjunction with RO produces water with a purity that approaches distilled water. Microscopic parasites (including viruses) are usually removed by RO units, but any defect or micro-tear in the membrane housing will allow these organisms to pass into the ‘clean” water. This is why RO systems are not rated to remove microorganisms except when an Ultraviolet Light filter is incorporated into the system, such as in the case of the Home Master ULTRA and Home Master HydroPerfection.

Reverse Osmosis Efficiency and Waste

Though slower than a water filter, RO systems can typically purify much more water per day than water distillers. While they do not use electricity,like water distillers, RO systems do waste water. Four or more gallons of concentrated waste water are flushed down the drain for every gallon of filtered permeate water produced. Zero waste RO units are available, however problematic, as they can re-inject the concentrated waste water filter element back into the water feeding the RO thus forcing the RO to work harder and shortening its service life. Other types of Zero Waste RO units will inject the wastewater into the hot water line where it is dispensed out of the kitchen faucet on your hands or dishes.

A better option for reducing reverse osmosis system water waste is to fit it with a Permeate Pump, which will reduce water waste by up to 80% and does not use electricity like other Zero Waste systems.

Two common types of household RO membranes are the Thin Film Composite (TFC or TFM) membrane and the Cellulose Triacetate (CTA) membrane. The main differences between the two types are filtration ability and chlorine tolerance. The CTA membrane is chlorine tolerant, but is more susceptible to fouling from bacteria, and it only rejects 93% of standard contaminants. The TFC/TFM membranes reject 98% of standard contaminants on average, are less susceptible to organic fouling, but it can only treat chlorine free water. Carbon pre-treatment filters must be used with a TFC/TFM membrane when purifying chlorinated municipal water supplies. Brackish water, saline water, and brine water membranes are available for marine, industrial, and municipal desalinization projects.

Before water filter reviews, consult our buying guide to home water filtration systems. Topics on process, stages, purity, efficiency, more. Know before buying.

The Home Master Reverse Osmosis System

Areas of Excellence:

Purification: the NSF certified components and Dow Filmtec reverse osmosis membrane work together to remove dissolved solids like heavy metals, nitrates, lead and fluoride; sediment, turbidity, and rust; and chemical contaminants like chlorine, chloramines, pesticides, herbicides and gasoline additives. Additional purification is available with the iron and UV filters , and the permeate pump upgrade. For more information please see the specific product page and the FAQs page.

Leak elimination: The leading competitors canister type RO system uses the same filter housing year after year, subjecting it to constant high water pressure, water erosion, and wear from maintenance. Only the filter element is replaced. After about 5 years the walls and seals of the competitors canister filter housing begin to weaken and decay, eventually failing, potentially causing a substantial leak.

User-friendliness: The first thing you will notice about the Home Master Reverse Osmosis system is that the filters are incorporated into the filter housing, so that when it comes time for the annual filter change, the filter, and the entire filter housing, are disposed of. This is to prevent flooding in your home. Make your annual service easier. Just unplug. Go – no tools required!

Efficiency: Home Master RO system uses high grade filters designed to yield 3900 gallons of purified water, with both carbon stages made from coconut shell activated carbon with filtration down to 5 microns. Compression disks in the Home Master’s advanced inline filters prevents channeling and dumping and permits an outstanding 10 full inches of carbon contact for greater purification. The competition typically uses lower grade filters made from coal carbon rated to purify just 1500 gallons of water because of the carbon grade and the insufficient carbon contact time made with a thin wall carbon block. The competition also uses recommends multiple Filter Changes per year in order to compensate for their poor quality filters.

Reduced waste: In designing the Home Master RO a sophisticated combination of flow restriction components were integrated into the system architecture to regulate pressure to and from the 50 gallon per day membrane chamber for optimized water purification and minimized wastewater production. For further system efficiency improvement please consider a Permeate Pump which will reduce wastewater, increase water production, and allow your storage tank to fill fuller.

Reverse Osmosis System Upgrades

Permeate Pump reduces water waste by up to 80%, increases water production by up to 50%, allows the storage tank to fill fuller, and produces slightly cleaner water by preventing “TDS creep.” It is a non-electric pump that harnesses the movement of the waste water for power.

Anti-Microbial Tubing prevents microorganism growth formation on the inside of the tubing. This upgrade replaces the standard system tubing with antimicrobial tubing.

Refrigerator Connection Kit allows you to easily connect your Home Master to your refrigerator‚ water dispenser and ice maker. You may also use this kit to connect to some coffee makers, humidifiers, or other water using appliances (not dishwashers or laundry machines).

Upgraded RO Faucets have more elegant finishes and styles, and deliver greater water flow rate. All Home Masters feature a built in Fast Flow! RO kit which builds up the entire back end of the system with larger fittings. Tubing so the water flows faster than competitor’s units.

A sweat from a sauna may feel cleansing but sweat gland infections can be very painful.

Valuline/Photodisc/Thinkstock

Think about your armpit, or the inner part of your upper thigh. Sensitive spots, aren’t they? The nerves that give our skin its remarkable sensitivity are packed tight in those zones, making even a small injury there feel much worse than it actually is.

Makes you cringe, doesn’t it?

The idea of a swollen mass growing in some of the body’s most sensitive areas is an uncomfortable thought, but for people suffering from infected sweat glands, it can be a painful fact of life. Sweat gland infections on visible parts of the body can be embarrassing, and severe infections can hamper a person’s ability to move comfortably.

While there are a number of different causes for infected sweat glands, the symptoms are often similar: A spot under the skin swells and becomes painful. It may form a boil that ruptures and oozes pus, or may develop into a rash of tiny vesicles, blister-like bumps that itch and ooze fluid when scratched. Over time, a minor infection may subside, leaving little more than a lump of scar tissue. More severe infections, however, can leave large scars, which may require surgery to remove. And while some sweat gland infections appear to be made worse by excess body weight or time spent in a hot climate, sweat gland infections are fairly widespread. No single gender, age group or ethnic group has a genetic free pass from this uncomfortable type of infection [sources: Baker, Hijazy].

So what causes a sweat gland infection? How does a person treat or, better yet, avoid this painful condition? To answer these questions, it helps to understand what sweat glands are, what they do and how their very design makes them susceptible to infection.

What Causes a Sweat Gland Infection?

Treating Infected Sweat Glands

Preventing Sweat Gland Infections

What Are Sweat Glands?

Illustration of Sweat Glands

Sweat is an essential part of normal bodily function. This liquid made up of water treatment parts, sodium and a mix of minerals acts as the body’s radiator fluid. When your internal temperature rises, glands in your skin release sweat onto its surface, where it evaporates, cooling the skin and lowering your body temperature [source: Porter].

Human sweat glands come in two forms: eccrine sweat glands, which cover most of our skin, and apocrine sweat glands, which are concentrated in the scalp, armpits and groin. The two glands produce different types of sweat. Eccrine glands produce the sweat that cools your body when its core temperature rises, while apocrine glands release a thicker, fattier substance in response to stress, such as a tense argument or an intense sporting event. Scientists suspect apocrine sweat contains pheromones, hormonally driven indicators of mood or fertility. But most people recognize apocrine sweat as the source of body odor; naturally occurring bacteria on the skin consume the substance, and their waste is what causes the unpleasant smell after an intense workout [sources: Baker, Mayo]. The base of a sweat gland is a coiled structure nestled in the border between the skin’s thick middle layer, or dermis, and the subcutaneous layer of fat at the base of the skin. A series of ducts leading up from the coiled structure channel the gland’s secretions to the skin’s surface.

The difference between eccrine and apocrine glands, beyond the type of sweat they produce, comes in their location. While eccrine glands open directly onto the skin’s epidermis, or outer surface, apocrine glands release their sweat at the root of hair follicles. Consequently, infections of the apocrine glands are often referred to as folliculitis [source: Baker].

The structure and function of sweat glands plays a key role in many types of sweat gland infections. Read on to learn how sweat glands can become victims of their own design.

For all their vital function, sweat glands have an inherent weakness: Their tiny ducts can be prone to clogging. If this happens, the sweat that would normally exit the body gets trapped in the gland, giving infection-causing bacteria a safe haven to grow and multiply. While infections in both eccrine and apocrine sweat glands involve clogged ducts, the root causes of infection vary by gland type.

Miliaria, an infection of the eccrine sweat glands, can be triggered by excessive sweating or too much time spent in a hot, humid environment. Sweat may build up in blocked eccrine glands to form miliaria crystalline, a rash of tiny, painless vesicles. If infection ruptures the gland’s ducts, sweat can move into the skin around the glands, causing an itchy inflammation called miliaria rubra, or “prickly heat.” If this condition advances, the infected glands can swell with pus in a condition known as miliaria pustulosa. And in miliaria profunda, the infection’s most advanced form, sweat leaks into the surrounding dermis, causing a severe burning sensation [sources: Baker, New Zealand, O’Connor]. Unlike miliaria, these infections can occur regardless of the amount that someone sweats. The exact disease triggers aren’t always known, but people with certain complicating conditions can be more prone to folliculitis [sources: Bakr]. Most types of folliculitis involve keratin or other bodily substances plugging the apocrine gland’s duct where it opens to the hair follicle, leading to infection in the gland. While some types of folliculitis may be due to genetic predisposition — the body fails to shed skin and hair cells properly, leading to plugged ducts — other types of the infection can be brought on by poor hygiene, such as shaving the armpits or groin with a dull, dirty razor, or chafing from tight-fitting clothing [source: Jovanovic].

One of the most advanced and uncomfortable forms of apocrine gland infection is hidradenitis suppurativa, also known as acne inversa. The condition appears as blackheads and painful, sometimes pustulent bumps in the groin and armpits. It can persist for years, and often gets worse as the victim ages. Chronic bouts of hidradenitis suppurativa can form networks of scars just below the skin’s surface [source: Jovanovic].

Why do humans sweat?Sweat was a vital tool for our ancestors. Many mammals control body heat by panting, but this only transfers heat from their mouths. Sweating, on the other hand, transfers heat from the entire skin surface; it gives humans a much bigger radiator than other mammals. Researchers hypothesize that this allowed primitive hunters to cover long distances in pursuit of game, while the panting animals they pursued overheated and collapsed from exhaustion [sources: Liebenberg, Porter]. For miliaria, good hygiene can often prevent the buildup of gland-blocking sweat and bacteria on the skin. If miliaria erupts, however, it often quickly responds to a change in temperature: Getting out of the heat and into a cool, dry area can reduce the severity of symptoms and give the skin a chance to heal [source: Baker].

Apocrine sweat gland infections may require a more hands-on approach to treatment. Treatments such as warm compresses may help open the clogged ducts, but it may take antibiotics to knock out the bacteria behind the pustular inflammation common to apocrine sweat gland infections [source: Zacherle]. The scarring that forms in severe, chronic infections such as hidradenitis suppurativa may require a more drastic step. If the scars are unsightly or cause discomfort, the doctor may remove the section of skin containing them. This procedure is often reserved for only the most severe cases, where the long-term process of letting a section of skin regenerate on its own is a small price to pay for relief from painful, persistent infection [source: Jovanovic].

One of the easiest ways to prevent your sweat glands from becoming infected is to keep your skin clean. This removes the excess bacteria. Sweat that causes miliaria. Likewise, it helps to observe proper hygiene when shaving body parts with high concentrations of apocrine sweat glands, such as armpits or the groin area. Shave with the grain of the hair, not against it, and wash the area immediately after shaving. Keeping your razor clean and sharp also helps reduce the tiny that can lead to infection [source: AOCD].

Other simple steps can help prevent miliaria: If you’re going to spend time in hot, humid environments, make sure your skin can breathe by wearing loose, reverse osmosis membrane (click here to visit Controlc for free) breathable clothing. And try to intersperse time in the heat with time in a cool place, giving your body temperature a chance to drop and your sweat glands a break from cooling your skin [sources: Baker, O’Connor]. And some research suggests that losing weight, while not a cure for chronic infections, appears to help reduce the frequency of infections like hidradenitis suppurativa [source: Kineston].

Sweat gland infections are no fun. Between the itching, pain and potentially embarrassing rash, they can be a major health problem for the people they affect. But arming yourself with knowledge about what causes them, and how to prevent them, can reduce the amount of time you spend dealing with these uncomfortable skin conditions. “AcneNet – what causes acne?” April 14, 2010 (Oct. 6, 2010) http://www.skincarephysicians.com/acnenet/acne.html

American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. “Dermatologic Disease Database,” 2010 (Oct. 13, 2010) http://www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/index.html

Baker, Donald, Heymann, Warren. “Eccrine and Apocrine Glands.” American Academy of Dermatology. 2010 (Sept. 27, 2010) http://www.aad.org/education/students/glands.htm

Bakr NI, El-Sawy E, Hamdy AF, Bakr MA. Skin Infections in Egyptian Renal Transplant Recipients. Transplant Infectious Disease. 2010 Sept. 16; 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2010.00568.x http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20849434

Davis SL, Wilson TE, White AT, Frohman EM. Thermoregulation in Multiple Sclerosis. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2010 Jul. 29http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20671034

Hijazy, Mahmoud. Principles of Pediatric dermatology. “Diseases of the Sweat Glands” 2000 (Sept. 30, 2010)http://www.dermatologyinfo.net/english/chapters/chapter46.htm

Hijazy, Mahmoud. Principles of Pediatric dermatology. “Diseases of the Sbaceous Glands – Acne.” 2000 (Sept. 30, 2010)http://www.dermatologyinfo.net/english/chapters/chapter47.htm

Jovanovic, Maria et.al. “Hidradenitis Suppurativa.” EMedicine. May 12, 2010 (Oct. 5, 2010) http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1073117-overview

Kineston, Donald, Martin, Kristen. Puritic Axillary Papules (photo quiz). American Family Physician. 2008 Jun; 15;77(12):1735-1736. If you cherished this posting and you would like to obtain much more facts relating to reverse osmosis membrane (Related Homepag) kindly check out our site. Liebenberg, Louis. “Persistence Hunting by Modern Hunter-Gatherers.” Current Anthropology, 2006 Dec.; Volume 47, Number 6. Mayo Clinic Staff. “Sweating. Body Odor.” Dec. “Sweating and Body Odor.” Dec. 9, 2008 (Oct. 5, 2010) http://www.mayoclinic.com/print/sweating-and-body-odor/DS00305/METHOD=print&DSECTION=all

New Zealand Dermatological Society Incorporated. “Miliaria.” May 15, 2009 (Sept. 28, 2010) http://dermnetnz.org/hair-nails-sweat/miliaria.html

O’Connor, Nina, McLaughlin, Maura, Ham, Peter. “Newborn Skin, Part I. Common Rashes.” American Family Physician. 2008 Jan 1;77(1):47-52.

Porter, Alan. “Why do We Have Apocrine and Sebaceous Glands?” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 2001 May; 94(5): 236-237.

Zacherle, Barry, Silver, Diane. “Hot Tub Folliculitis: A Clinical Syndrome.” Western Journal of Medicine. 1982 Sept; 137(3): 191-194.

Reverse osmosis (RO) is a filtration method that removes many types of large molecules. Ions from solutions by applying pressure to the solution when it is on one side of a selective membrane. The result is that the solute is retained on the pressurized side of the membrane. The pure solvent is allowed to pass to the other side. To be “selective,” this membrane should not allow large molecules or ions through the pores (holes), but should allow smaller components of the solution (such as the solvent) to pass freely.

Reverse osmosis is most commonly known for its use in drinking water purification from seawater, removing the salt and other substances from the water molecules. This is the reverse of the normal osmosis process, in which the solvent naturally moves from an area of low solute concentration, through a membrane, to an area of high solute concentration. The movement of a pure solvent to equalize solute concentrations on each side of a membrane housing generates a pressure and this is the “osmotic pressure.” Applying an external pressure to reverse the natural flow of pure solvent, thus, is reverse osmosis.

The process is similar to membrane filtration. However, there are key differences between reverse osmosis membrane system osmosis and filtration. The predominant removal mechanism in membrane filtration is straining, or size exclusion, so the process can theoretically achieve perfect exclusion of particles regardless of operational parameters such as influent pressure and concentration. Reverse osmosis, however involves a diffusive mechanism so that separation efficiency is dependent on solute concentration, pressure and water flux rate. Pretreatment is important when working with RO. For more information regarding UV water sterilizer (atavi.com) visit our web page. Nanofiltration (NF) membranes due to the nature of their spiral wound design. The material is engineered in such a fashion as to allow only one-way flow through the system. As such, the spiral wound design does not allow for back pulsing with water or air agitation to scour its surface and remove solids. Since accumulated material cannot be removed from the membrane surface systems, they are highly susceptible to fouling (loss of production capacity). Therefore, pretreatment is a necessity for any RO or NF system. Pretreatment in SWRO systems has four major components:

* Screening of solids: Solids within the water must be removed and the water treated to prevent fouling of the membranes by fine particle or biological growth, and reduce the risk of damage to high-pressure pump components.

* Cartridge filtration: Generally, string-wound polypropylene filters are used to remove particles between 3 – 5 microns.

* Dosing: Oxidizing biocides, such as chlorine, UV water sterilizer are added to kill bacteria, followed by bisulfite dosing to deactivate the chlorine, which can destroy a thin-film composite membrane. There are also biofouling inhibitors, which do not kill bacteria, but simply prevent them from growing slime on the membrane surface.

* Prefiltration pH adjustment: If the pH, hardness and the alkalinity in the feedwater result in a scaling tendency when they are concentrated in the reject stream, acid is dosed to maintain carbonates in their soluble carbonic acid form.

CO3-2 + H3O+ = HCO3- + H2OHCO3- + H3O+ = H2CO3 + H2O

* Carbonic acid cannot combine with calcium to form calcium carbonate scale. Calcium carbonate scaling tendency is estimated using the Langelier saturation index. Adding too much sulfuric acid to control carbonate scales may result in calcium sulfate, barium sulfate or strontium sulfate scale formation on the RO membrane.

* Prefiltration antiscalants: Scale inhibitors (also known as antiscalants) prevent formation of all scales compared to acid, which can only prevent formation of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate scales. In addition to inhibiting carbonate and phosphate scales, antiscalants inhibit sulfate and fluoride scales, disperse colloids and metal oxides, and specialty products can be to inhibit silica formation.